Conservation of stone materials: degradation and solutions
Since ancient times, stone materials such as marble, granite, limestone and sandstone have been used in construction, architecture and the production of artefacts. In addition to these natural materials, there are artificial and composite materials, such as terracotta and concrete, which add further combinations of aesthetics and functionality.
The choice of these materials depends not only on aesthetic factors but also on their local availability and chemical, physical and mechanical properties, which determine their durability and versatility.
The deterioration of stone materials
Stone materials, while resistant, are vulnerable to degradation. Over time, they undergo changes due to their interaction with the surrounding environment, such as exposure to extreme temperatures, atmospheric agents, pollution and humidity. If neglected, deterioration can compromise both the structural integrity and the appearance of the surfaces, with long-term consequences. It is important to know the factors of degradation and the solutions to preserve your home or building.
- Alteration: changes that do not necessarily compromise the properties of the material.
- Degradation: deterioration that worsens the characteristics of the material.
The 4 main degradation mechanisms
Physical degradation: decay of the structure without alteration of its chemical composition, due to thermal variations, freeze-thaw cycles or the formation of salt crystals within the material itself.
Chemical degradation: process that involves a modification of the chemical-mineralogical composition of the material, caused by chemical reactions with external agents (hydration, hydrolysis, dissolution, carbonation, oxidation, etc.).
Biological degradation: colonization by microorganisms, algae, fungi, weeds or birds.
Anthropogenic degradation: damage to the material caused by man, such as vandalism, incorrect structural interventions or inappropriate conservation treatments.
Different phenomena can also act simultaneously and, often, in a synergistic manner.
It must be emphasized that the deterioration of stone materials is an unstoppable and irreversible process, which is why it is essential to provide adequate conservative treatments to preserve their integrity and aesthetics.
The most common manifestations of degradation
a) Alveolization: formation of cavities of variable shapes and sizes. Often induces disintegration/pulverization of the material.
b) Erosion: loss of material and/or surface consistency, due to mechanical, chemical or biological processes.
c) Chromatic alteration: variation in the color of the surface that can affect large or localized areas. The absorption of water and pollutants can cause stains that are difficult to remove.
d) Efflorescences: formation of substances, often of a saline nature, generally whitish in colour and with a crystalline, powdery or filamentous appearance, which form on the surface of the material.
And) Rising front: limit of water migration, which rises by capillary action in the walls and manifests itself with the formation of efflorescence and/or loss of material. It is generally accompanied by color variations in the underlying area.
f) Cracks: formation of discontinuities in the material due to various phenomena, such as freeze-thaw cycles.
g) Biological colonization: visible presence of algae, fungi, moss or plants.
h) Vandalistic graffiti: unwanted marks on the surface of the material.
Prevent and combat degradation
Although the degradation of stone materials is inevitable and irreversible, its speed and impact can be managed with suitable conservative treatments. These treatments help maintain the integrity and aesthetics of the materials, protecting them from external agents.
Camp is committed to developing innovative solutions for the protection of stone materials, ensuring effective, safe and long-lasting treatments. Camp products are designed to preserve the appearance and functionality of floors, coverings and other surfaces over time.
Prevention is the key to avoiding irreparable damage: do not wait for the deterioration to advance in your home or building.
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